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2.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 33(3): 242-245, set. 2017.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-899691

ABSTRACT

Resumen La hospitalización es una oportunidad valiosa para el abandono del tabaquismo, desaprovechada en Chile. La necesidad de hospitalizarse está determinada por enfermedades muchas veces causadas por el consumo de tabaco, este escenario permite al paciente valorar no solo las consecuencias de esta adicción, si no también, la importancia de suspender el consumo. Es esperable que durante la hospitalización aparezca el síndrome de abstinencia de nicotina, cuyo reconocimiento y manejo es fundamental para evitar complicaciones habituales: ansiedad o delirium. Por todo lo anterior, resulta necesario el adecuado enfrentamiento del tabaquismo en el paciente hospitalizado, lo que es reconocido por organismos acreditadores internacionales como Joint Commission. Un metanálisis Cochrane 2012 concluyó que los dos pilares fundamentales de las intervenciones efectivas fueron el carácter multimodal (consejería y tratamiento farmacológico), y el seguimiento ambulatorio por más de un mes posterior al alta. Los elementos centrales de una consejería breve pueden resumirse en el ABC, siendo A: averiguar sobre el consumo de tabaco; B: dar un consejo breve indicando la importancia de dejar de fumar, y C: Ofrecer apoyo para la cesación a los pacientes que se muestren motivados. Si bien las intervenciones mencionadas involucran contar con recursos para apoyo farmacológico, no pareciera haber excusas para seguir sin implementar en los hospitales chilenos intervenciones sencillas como documentar el estado tabáquico de cada paciente y ofrecer consejería breve.


Hospitalization is a valuable opportunity for smoking cessation. In Chile this opportunity is wasted. The need to hospitalize is determined by diseases often caused by smoking, this scenario allows the patient to assess not only the consequences of this addiction, but also the importance of stopping tobacco consumption. During hospitalization, the nicotine withdrawal syndrome appears, whose recognition and management is essential to avoid habitual complications: anxiety or delirium. For all of the above mentioned reasons, it is necessary the adequate confrontation of smoking in the hospitalized patient, which is recognized by international accreditation bodies as Joint Commission. A Cochrane metaanalysis 2012 concluded that the two pillars of effective interventions were the multimodal character (counseling and pharmacological treatment), and ambulatory follow-up for more than one month after discharge. The central elements of a brief counseling can be summarized in ABC, where A: ask about smoking; B: give brief advice stating the importance of quitting, and C: provide support for cessation for motivated patients. Although the above-mentioned interventions involve resources for pharmacological support, there seems to be no excuse for implementing simple interventions in Chilean hospitals, such as documenting the smoking status of each patient and offering brief counseling.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome , Smoking/drug therapy , Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data , Nicotinic Agonists/therapeutic use , Inpatients , Smoking/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Prevalence , Treatment Outcome , Smoking Cessation/methods , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 144(8): 965-971, ago. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-830600

ABSTRACT

Background: Smoking cessation therapies include counseling, psychological management and pharmacological therapy. Varenicline is the most effective and safe medication available. Aim: To study risk factors for the failure of pharmacological smoking cessation therapy with varenicline. Patients and Methods: Retrospective analysis of 281 patients aged 45 ± 11 years (65% males) with a mean consumption of 31 ± 22 packs/year. They completed a smoking cessation program comprising psychological support and use of varenicline in a private clinic. Patients were followed with telephonic interviews during one year. A complete abstinence during one year was considered as a success of the program. Results: The success rate of the program was 53.4%. The factors associated with failure were a high tobacco dependence rate determined with the Fageström test (Odds ratio (OR) 2.47, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.16-5.26, p = 0.02). An instruction level of more than 12 years was associated with a lower failure rate (OR 0.38 95% CI 0.18-0.82). Conclusions: A high tobacco dependence rate and a lower education were associated with a higher failure rate of this smoking cessation program.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Program Evaluation , Smoking/drug therapy , Smoking Cessation/methods , Nicotinic Agonists/therapeutic use , Varenicline/therapeutic use , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/psychology , Epidemiologic Methods , Treatment Outcome , Smoking Cessation/psychology , Age of Onset , Educational Status , National Health Programs/standards
6.
Diagn. tratamento ; 18(1)jan.-mar. 2013.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-670598

ABSTRACT

Introdução: Os agonistas parciais dos receptores de nicotina podem ajudar as pessoas a deixar de fumar por meio da manutenção de níveis moderados de dopamina para contrabalançar os sintomas de abstinência (atuando como agonistas) e da redução da satisfação de fumar (agindo como antagonistas).Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia e a tolerabilidade dos agonistas parciais do receptor de nicotina, incluindo citisina, dianiclina e vareniclina para cessação do tabagismo.Métodos de busca: Foram realizadas buscas por estudos no Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group?s Specialised Register utilizando-se os termos ?cytisine? or ?Tabex? or ?dianicline? or ?varenicline? or ?nicotine receptor partial agonist? no título, no resumo, ou como palavras-chave. Este registro especializado é formado a partir de pesquisas no Medline, Embase, PsycINFO e Web of Science usando termos MeSH e texto livre para identificar ensaios clínicos controlados de intervenções para cessaçãoe prevenção do tabagismo. Os autores entraram em contato com os autores dos estudos para obter informações complementares, se necessário. A atualização mais recente deste registro especializado foi em dezembro de 2011. Os autores também procuraram em bases online de registros de ensaios clínicos.Critérios de seleção: Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados que compararam as medicações listadas acima com placebo, bupropiona e adesivos de nicotina. Foram excluídos estudos que não relataram um período de acompanhamento mínimo de seis meses a partir do início do tratamento.Coleta de dados e análise: Foram extraídos os dados sobre tipo de participante, dose e duração do tratamento, medidas de resultados,procedimento de randomização, ocultação de alocação e acompanhamento. O desfecho principal foi a abstinência do fumo durante o acompanhamento. . .. .


Subject(s)
Humans , Smoking/prevention & control , Smoking/drug therapy , Nicotine/agonists , Tobacco Use Cessation
7.
Clinics ; 66(1): 65-71, 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-578598

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, nortriptyline and combination therapy and describe factors associated with treatment success. INTRODUCTION: Clinical trials clearly demonstrate the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in smoking cessation. However, it is only after its use in real-life settings that clinical effectiveness and limitations of a treatment are fully known. METHODS: Patients attended a four-session cognitive-behavioral program and received medicines free of charge. Abstinence from smoking was assessed at each visit. RESULTS: A total of 868 smokers (68.8 percent women) were included. Their mean age was 49.6 years; the amount smoked was 25 cigarettes/day and the Fagerströ m Score was 6.6. Abstinence rates after 6 months and 1 year were 36.5 percent and 33.6 percent. In univariate analysis, male gender, age (>50), higher number of cigarettes smoked, cardiovascular comorbidities, longer interval from the last cigarette and combined treatment of nortriptyline plus NRT were predictive of abstinence, while neuropsychiatric comorbidities and the answer ''yes'' to the question ''Do you smoke more often during the first hours after waking'' were correlated with failure. In a multivariate model, predictors of abstinence were neuropsychiatric comorbidities, the answer ''yes'' to the question ''Do you smoke more often during the first hours after waking'' and combined treatment of nortriptyline plus NRT. Male gender and a longer period from the last cigarette were correlated with lower abstinence rate. CONCLUSION: Satisfactory success rates were obtained in a teaching hospital. Factors such as age, daily cigarette consumption, number of pack-years and dependency score were not reliable markers of abstinence. The combination nortriptyline+NRT was independently associated with higher abstinence rates.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Smoking Cessation/methods , Smoking/drug therapy , Age Factors , Bupropion/therapeutic use , Combined Modality Therapy , Follow-Up Studies , Multivariate Analysis , Nicotine/therapeutic use , Nortriptyline/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies , Sex Factors , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
8.
Acta méd. costarric ; 52(4): 211-220, dic. 2010. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-700609

ABSTRACT

El uso del tabasco es uno de los problemas de salud más serios a nivel mundial y es una adicción prevenible, por esto, la disponibilidad de tratamientos para dejar de fumar representa grandes beneficios tanto para la salud individual como para el sistema institucional. Ante la utilización de nuevos tratamientos, en especial la vareniclina, se deben evaluar comparativamente las alternativas disponibles en Costa Rica, ya que no hay claridad en cuál es la mejor opción terapéutica y cuál genere una mejor relación de costo-efectividad. El objetivo de este estudio fue modelar la razón costo-efectividad de las diferentes opciones terapéuticas en la cesación del tabaquismo disponibles en Costa Rica utilizando el modelo BENESCO. Métodos: se utilizó el modelo BENESCO para simular la morbilidad y la mortalidad de la población de fumadores costarricenses de ambos sexos entre los 18 y 99 años de edad...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Bupropion , Cost Efficiency Analysis , Economics, Pharmaceutical , Smoking/drug therapy , Smoking/therapy , Smoking Cessation , Tobacco Use Disorder
9.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 31(2): 145-153, jun. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-517903

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Experimental evidence has suggested that drugs that enhance cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor activity may induce anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, whilst the opposite has been reported with antagonists. Thus, the objective of the present review is to discuss the potential psychiatric side-effects of CB1 receptor antagonists, such as rimonabant, which has been recently marketed in several countries for the treatment of smoking cessation, obesity and associated metabolic disorders. METHOD: Literature searches were performed in PubMed and SciELO databases up to February 2009. The terms searched were "obesity", "rimonabant", "cannabinoids", "unwanted effects", "diabetes", "smoking cessation" and "side-effects". RESULTS: Clinical trials have revealed that rimonabant may promote weight loss in obese patients, although it may also induce symptoms of anxiety and depression. DISCUSSION: Patients taking CB1 receptor antagonists should be carefully investigated for psychiatric side-effects. These drugs should not be prescribed for those already suffering from mental disorders. Nevertheless, the development of new compounds targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of several conditions would be necessary and opportune.


OBJETIVO: Evidência experimental sugere que drogas que aumentam a atividade dos receptores canabinóides tipo 1 (CB1) podem induzir efeitos ansiolíticos ou antidepressivos, enquanto que o oposto tem sido relatado com antagonistas. Assim, o objetivo da presente revisão é discutir os potenciais efeitos-colaterais psiquiátricos de antagonistas do receptor CB1, como o rimonabanto, que foi recentemente liberado para comercialização em diversos países para o tratamento do tabagismo, obesidade e de desordens metabólicas associadas. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma busca na literatura no PubMed e Scielo até fevereiro de 2009, com os termos "obesity", "rimonabant", "cannabinoids", "unwanted effects", "diabetes" , "smoking cessation" e "side effects". RESULTADOS: Ensaios clínicos revelaram que o rimonabanto pode produzir perda de peso em pacientes obesos, embora também possa induzir sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. DISCUSSÃO: Pacientes tomando antagonistas do receptor CB1 devem ser cuidadosamente examinados quanto aos efeitos-colaterais psiquiátricos. Estas drogas não devem ser prescritas a indivíduos que já sofrem de transtornos mentais. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de novos compostos que atuem no sistema endocanabinóide para o tratamento das mais diversas condições parece necessário e oportuno.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anxiety Disorders/chemically induced , Appetite Depressants/adverse effects , Depressive Disorder/chemically induced , Obesity/drug therapy , Piperidines/adverse effects , Pyrazoles/adverse effects , Smoking/drug therapy , Endocannabinoids/physiology , Metabolic Diseases/drug therapy , Placebo Effect , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology , Smoking Cessation/methods
11.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 136(2): 179-185, feb. 2008. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-483237

ABSTRACT

Smoking cessation programs have an efficacy of approximately 30 percent. Different factors related to the patients may influence this figure. Aim To identify determinant factors for smoking cessation after one year of treatment and to determine if bupropion and nicotine substitutes are effective in smoking cessation treatments. Material and methods: Follow up of 68 patients that attended a smokers clinic at a General Hospital. The patients filled up a questionnaire which included demographic, morbid and smoking habits data. They were subjected to a psychiatric interview to determine their treatment. One year later, patients were contacted by telephone and were asked if they remained without smoking. Results: After one year, 41 percent of patients responded that they were abstinent. On univariate analysis, male gender appeared as a protective factor associated to abstinence. On multivariate analysis, the use of bupropion appeared as a protective factor. A high score on the automatic item of the smoking motivation questionnaire appeared as a risk factor. The presence of respiratory diseases and the male gender were borderline significant protective factors. Nicotine substitutes were not associated with better abstinence rates. Conclusions: In this sample of smokers, the use of bupropion was associated with better abstinence rates and a high motivation to smoke appeared as a risk factor to continue smoking.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Bupropion/therapeutic use , Nicotine/therapeutic use , Nicotinic Agonists/therapeutic use , Smoking Cessation/methods , Smoking/drug therapy , Epidemiologic Methods , Interview, Psychological , Smoking Cessation/psychology
12.
Egyptian Journal of Bronchology [The]. 2008; 2 (1): 186-196
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-86187

ABSTRACT

This article is based on a lecture delivered to the International Consensus on COPD meeting in London 2007. It describes man use of tobacco, early warnings from history alongside the rise of the tobacco industry and increasing use of the cigarette. It briefly describes the current epidemiology of smoking before describing in detail how Governments can coordinate tobacco control both through International co-operation and by effective Internal policy within their own borders. It then describes what Community strategies are most effective in reducing smoking uptake and prevalence before describing what services are most effective at helping individual smokers quit, especially those attending hospitals usually with illnesses caused or made worse by smoking. Only by efforts from international treaties to individual counseling can we reduce the devastation caused by this preventable lifestyle


Subject(s)
Smoking/prevention & control , Smoking/drug therapy , Smoking Cessation/psychology , Review Literature as Topic
13.
J. bras. pneumol ; 33(6): 712-719, nov.-dez. 2007.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-471295

ABSTRACT

O tabagismo é a principal causa de morte prevenível na maioria dos países, inclusive no Brasil. Parar de fumar é uma estratégia importante para reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade associada às doenças tabaco-relacionadas. Sabe-se da relação inversa entre uso de nicotina e peso corporal, onde o índice de massa corporal tende a ser menor em fumantes quando comparados aos não fumantes. Além disso, abstinência tabágica resulta em aumento de peso, sendo que ex-fumantes geralmente aumentam de 5 a 6 kg, mas cerca de 10 por cento adquirem mais de 10 kg. O tratamento farmacológico para a cessação do tabagismo pode atenuar este ganho de peso. O aumento de peso na cessação do tabagismo como contributório à epidemia de obesidade é pouco estudado. Nos EUA, calcula-se que a fração do problema atribuível à cessação do tabagismo seja de 6 por cento para homens e 3,2 por cento para mulheres. Os mecanismos não são claros, mas há evidências mostrando que a dopamina e serotonina diminuem a ingestão alimentar. A administração de nicotina por qualquer via eleva agudamente os níveis destes neurotransmissores no cérebro, causando menor necessidade de ingestão energética e diminuindo o apetite. Além disso, a nicotina tem efeito direto no metabolismo do tecido adiposo, influenciando a taxa de ganho ponderal após a cessação do tabagismo. A leptina, grelina e neuropeptídio Y são peptídeos que podem contribuir para esta relação inversa entre nicotina e índice de massa corporal, em um papel ainda não determinado como conseqüente ou causador das variações ponderais.


Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in most countries, including Brazil. Smoking cessation is an important strategy for reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco-related diseases. An inverse relationship between nicotine use and body weight has been reported, in which body weight tends to be lower among smokers than among nonsmokers. Smoking abstinence results in an increase in body weight for both males and females. On average, sustained quitters gain from 5 to 6 kg, although approximately 10 percent gain more than 10 kg. Pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation attenuates weight gain. The importance of smoking cessation as a contributing cause of the current obesity epidemic has been little studied. In the USA, the rate of obesity attributable to smoking cessation has been estimated at approximately 6.0 and 3.2 percent for males and females, respectively. Although the mechanisms are unclear, there is evidence that dopamine and serotonin are appetite suppressants. The administration of nicotine, regardless of the delivery system, acutely raises the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain, reducing the need for energy intake and consequently suppressing appetite. In addition, nicotine has a direct effect on adipose tissue metabolism, influencing the rate of weight gain following smoking cessation. Leptin, ghrelin and neuropeptide Y are substances that might constitute factors involved in the inverse relationship between nicotine and body mass index, although their roles as determinants or consequences of this relationship have yet to be determined.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Body Weight , Nicotine/adverse effects , Smoking Cessation , Smoking/physiopathology , Appetite Regulation/drug effects , Appetite Regulation/genetics , Appetite Regulation/physiology , Body Mass Index , Body Weight/drug effects , Body Weight/genetics , Body Weight/physiology , Ghrelin/genetics , Ghrelin/metabolism , Hunger/drug effects , Hunger/physiology , Leptin/genetics , Leptin/metabolism , Neuropeptide Y/genetics , Neuropeptide Y/metabolism , Obesity/etiology , Obesity/prevention & control , Polymorphism, Genetic/drug effects , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Risk-Taking , Sex Factors , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/drug therapy , Weight Gain/drug effects , Weight Gain/genetics , Weight Gain/physiology
14.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 88(4): 434-440, abr. 2007. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-451834

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a efetividade e a tolerabilidade da bupropiona no tratamento de fumantes com doenças cardiovasculares atendidos em rotina de tratamento ambulatorial do tabagismo, e analisar as variáveis preditoras de sucesso ou fracasso. MÉTODOS: A bupropiona foi prescrita de forma exclusiva para tratamento do tabagismo em 100 pacientes cardiopatas durante 12 semanas. O seguimento foi de 52 semanas. As variáveis estudadas foram sexo, idade, número de cigarros, concentração de monóxido de carbono, escala de dependência de nicotina, escala de depressão, escala de ansiedade, consumo de álcool, número de diagnósticos adicionais ao tabagismo, eventos adversos, e consumo de medicamentos concomitantes à bupropiona. RESULTADOS: A taxa de sucesso depois de 12 semanas foi de 50 por cento e depois de 52 semanas, de 25 por cento. A análise de regressão logística revelou que o envelhecimento foi positivamente associado ao sucesso e que o agravo da condição clínica, observado pelo maior número de diagnósticos associados ao tabagismo, foi negativamente associado ao sucesso. CONCLUSÃO: A bupropiona mostrou-se segura e com boa efetividade no tratamento de fumantes portadores de doenças cardiovasculares, especialmente durante a fase de uso (semana 12).


OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of and tolerability to sustained-release bupropion, in smokers with cardiovascular diseases treated in a smoking cessation service, as well as to investigate variables predictive of success or failure in smoking cessation. METHODS: Sustained-release bupropion was prescribed to 100 current smokers with cardiovascular disease for 12 weeks. Patients were followed for 52 week. The variables studied were gender, age, number of cigarettes, exhaled carbon monoxide, nicotine dependence (Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), alcohol consumption (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), number of diagnoses other than smoking, adverse events, and use of medications concomitantly with sustained-release bupropion. RESULTS: Abstinence rate was 50 percent at week 12 and 25 percent at week 52. The logistic regression analysis showed that ageing was positively associated with success, whereas the worsening of the condition, as verified by the presence of a higher number of other health conditions associated with smoking, was negatively associated with success. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the prescription of bupropion for smokers with cardiovascular diseases proved to be safe and effective, especially during the treatment period (week 12).


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/therapeutic use , Bupropion/therapeutic use , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Smoking/drug therapy , Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/adverse effects , Bupropion/adverse effects , Delayed-Action Preparations/adverse effects , Delayed-Action Preparations/therapeutic use , Follow-Up Studies , Smoking Cessation/methods , Smoking/adverse effects , Treatment Outcome
15.
J. bras. pneumol ; 32(6): 573-579, nov.-dez. 2006.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-448727

ABSTRACT

Mesmo com os esforços intensivos para o controle do tabagismo nas últimas décadas, uma proporção substancial de pessoas inicia a fumar ou mantém-se fumando apesar do pleno conhecimento dos malefícios do hábito. Os estudos têm focado atualmente as bases genéticas da adição nicotínica. O tabagismo tem sido associado a vários polimorfismos genéticos, mas os fatores ambientais também devem ser enfatizados. Esta revisão apresenta alguns dos principais dados disponíveis dos estudos genéticos sobre o comportamento tabágico. Esta linha de pesquisa poderá, no futuro, ajudar os clínicos a individualizar o tipo, a dosagem e a duração do tratamento da dependência tabágica, conforme o genótipo de cada fumante, maximizando a eficácia do esquema proposto.


Despite the considerable efforts made in the fight against smoking in the last decades, there are still substantial numbers of people who, in full knowledge of the health hazards, begin smoking or continue smoking. Recent studies have focused on the genetic bases of the nicotine addiction. Various genetic polymorphisms have been associated with smoking. However, environmental factors have also been shown to play a role. In this review, we present some of the principal data collected in genetic studies of smoking behavior. The results obtained through this line of research will eventually aid clinicians in individualizing the type, dosage and duration of treatment for patients with nicotine dependence in accordance with the genotype of each smoker, thereby maximizing the efficacy of the proposed treatment regimen.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmacogenetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Smoking/genetics , Tobacco Use Disorder/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Smoking/drug therapy , Tobacco Use Disorder/drug therapy
16.
J. bras. pneumol ; 32(5): 410-417, set.-out. 2006. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-452397

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil dos pacientes e fatores associados ao sucesso do tratamento do fumante. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo dos pacientes que foram atendidos no ambulatório de apoio ao tabagista do Hospital de Messejana, no Ceará, durante o período de outubro de 2002 a abril de 2005. O tratamento foi avaliado considerando-se o perfil do tabagista, tipo de medicação e período de utilização da mesma. RESULTADOS: Do total de 320 pacientes atendidos, 65,6 por cento eram mulheres. A média de idade do início do tratamento foi de 48 anos, sendo 33 anos o tempo médio de uso do tabaco. Acima de 90 por cento deles iniciaram o tabagismo antes dos vinte anos de idade. Daqueles que se encontravam no programa havia pelo menos um ano (258 pessoas), 50,8 por cento atingiram o sucesso terapêutico, 17,8 por cento recaíram e 31,4 por cento não pararam de fumar. Sucesso parcial foi atingido, em média, na quinta semana do tratamento e a recaída foi predominante no quarto mês. Cerca de 60 por cento dos pacientes utilizaram terapia medicamentosa. CONCLUSÃO: A chance de parar de fumar foi associada significativamente ao uso de medicação, independentemente do perfil tabágico avaliado. No segundo ano do programa, observou-se maior associação da bupropiona à terapia de reposição nicotínica, com conseqüente elevação da taxa de sucesso e tendência à redução da recaída.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patient profiles and factors associated with successful treatment. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients enrolled in the smoking cessation program at the Hospital de Messejana, located in the state of Ceará, Brazil, from October of 2002 to April of 2005. The treatment was evaluated based on patient profile, type of medication prescribed and time on that medication. RESULTS: Of the 320 patients enrolled, 65.5 percent were women. The mean age at the outset of treatment was 48 years, and the mean duration of the smoking habit was 33 years. More than 90 percent of the patients had started smoking before the age of 20. Of the 258 individuals who had enrolled in the program at least one year prior, 50.8 percent had achieved treatment success; 17.8 percent had relapsed, and 31.4 percent had not quit smoking. On average, partial success was achieved in the fifth week of the treatment, and relapse occurred predominantly in the fourth month. Approximately 60 percent of the patients were treated with medication. CONCLUSION: Quitting smoking was significantly associated with the use of medication, regardless of the profile of the smoker evaluated. In the second year of the program, quitting smoking was more strongly associated with the use of bupropion and nicotine replacement, resulting in a higher success rate and a trend toward a reduction in the relapse rate.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Ambulatory Care/statistics & numerical data , Smoking Cessation/methods , Smoking/therapy , Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/therapeutic use , Brazil , Bupropion/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination , Follow-Up Studies , Nicotine/therapeutic use , Nicotinic Agonists/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies , Smoking/drug therapy , Treatment Outcome
17.
Rev. bras. otorrinolaringol ; 71(6): 820-827, nov.-dez. 2005. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-441335

ABSTRACT

O tabagismo está relacionado a 30% das mortes por câncer. É fator de risco para desenvolver carcinomas do aparelho respiratório, esôfago, estômago, pâncreas, cérvix uterina, rim e bexiga. A nicotina induz tolerância e dependência pela ação nas vias dopaminérgicas centrais, levando às sensações de prazer e recompensa mediadas pelo sistema límbico. É estimulante do sistema nervoso central (SNC), aumenta o estado de alerta e reduz o apetite. A diminuição de 50% no consumo da nicotina pode desencadear sintomas de abstinência nos indivíduos dependentes: ansiedade, irritabilidade, distúrbios do sono, aumento do apetite, alterações cognitivas e fissura pelo cigarro. O aconselhamento médico é fundamental para o sucesso no abandono do fumo. A farmacoterapia da dependência de nicotina divide-se em: primeira linha (bupropiona e terapia de reposição da nicotina), e segunda linha (clonidina e nortriptilina). A bupropiona é um antidepressivo não-tricíclico que age inibindo a recaptação de dopamina, cujas contra-indicações são: epilepsia, distúrbios alimentares, hipertensão arterial não-controlada, abstinência recente do álcool e uso de inibidores da monoaminoxidase (MAO). A terapia de reposição de nicotina pode ser feita com adesivos e gomas de mascar. Os efeitos da acupuntura no abandono do fumo ainda não estão completamente esclarecidos. As estratégias de interrupção abrupta ou redução gradual do fumo têm a mesma probabilidade de sucesso.


Smoking is related to 30 percent of cancer deaths. It is a risk factor for respiratory tract, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, uterine cervix, kidney and bladder carcinomas. Nicotine induces tolerance and addiction by acting on the central dopaminergic pathways, thus leading to pleasure and reward sensations within the limbic system. It stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), enhances alertness and reduces the appetite. A 50 percent reduction of nicotine consumption may trigger withdrawal symptoms in addicted individuals: anxiety, anger, sleep disorders, hunger, cognitive dysfunction and cigarette craving. Medical advice is the cornerstone of smoking cessation. Pharmacotherapy of nicotine addiction comprises first-line (bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy) and second-line (clonidine and nortriptyline) drugs. Bupropion is a non-tricyclic antidepressant that inhibits dopamine uptake, whose contraindications are: epilepsy, eating disorders, uncontrolled hypertension, recent alcohol abstinence and current therapy with MAO inhibitors. Nicotine replacement therapy can be done with patches or gums. Counseling groups and behavioral interventions are efficacious. The effects of acupuncture on smoking cessation are not fully elucidated. Prompt smoking cessation or gradual reduction strategies have similar success rates.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Smoking Cessation/methods , Smoking/drug therapy , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/drug therapy , Acupuncture , Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/administration & dosage , Antidepressive Agents/administration & dosage , Bupropion/administration & dosage , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Combined Modality Therapy , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Nicotinic Agonists , Nicotine/administration & dosage , Nicotinic Agonists/administration & dosage , Nortriptyline/administration & dosage , Smoking Cessation/psychology , Smoking/psychology , Smoking/therapy , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/psychology
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